![]() ![]() Bankevich A, Nurk S, Antipov D, Gurevich AA, Dvorkin M, Kulikov AS, Lesin VM, Nikolenko SI, Pham S, Prjibelski AD, et al.Is it an ant or a butterfly? Convergent evolution in the mitochondrial gene order of Hymenoptera and Lepidoptera. Babbucci M, Basso A, Scupola A, Patarnello T, Negrisolo E.Furthermore, Wasmannia showed a closer relationship to Pheidole than to Atta, which will aid our understanding of the phylogenetic relationship and taxonomy of the group Attini. 2022) but disagrees with that based on nuclear gene fragments (Ward et al. The phylogenetic trees showed that Crematogastrini and Attini are polyphyletic with low support values ( Figure 1), which is congruent with the result based on the complete mitochondrial genome (Park et al. Bootstrapped maximum likelihood, neighbor joining, and Bayesian inference trees were constructed using MEGA X (Kumar et al. The GTR + F + I model was determined as a best-fit model by ModelFinder (Kalyaanamoorthy et al. nodus and an outgroup species, Apis mellifera ligustica, were aligned using MAFFT 7.450 (Katoh and Standley 2013) and concatenated for phylogenetic purposes in PhyloSuite v1.2.2 (Zhang et al. Thirteen PCGs and two rRNA genes from 29 ants, including P. nodus, trnF- trnE) and ND and ND6 (Myrmicinae, trnT- trnP P. nodus has two rearrangements compared to those of most Myrmicinae species: inversions between trnS1 and ND5 (Myrmicinae, trnE- trnF P. Four PCGs (ND5, ND4, ND4L, and ND1) and ten tRNAS (tRNA-Val, Gln, Cys, Cys, Phe, His, Leu, Pro, and rRNA-Leu, Ser) are encoded by the majority strand (J-strand), while the others are located on the minority strand (N-strand). The tRNA sizes range from 53 to 71 bp and are similar to those of other ants (approximately 54–90 bp) (Idogawa, 2021). All PCGs used ATN (five ATG, four ATT and four ATA) as the start codon and TAA or TAG as the stop codon. nodus is 15,579 bp long and consists of 13 protein-coding genes (PCGs), 2 rRNAs, 22 tRNAs, and a control region. The complete mitochondrial genome sequence information was deposited in GenBank under accession number MW429351. 2013) was used for mitogenome annotation. Nodus feature list software#The genome de novo assembly was carried out with the software A5-miseq pipeline (Coil et al. Total genomic DNA was extracted and sequenced with the Illumina Novaseq sequencing platform with 150 bp paired-end reads by Shanghai Personal Biotechnology Co. These specimens were preserved at −80 ☌ at the Key Laboratory of Southwest China Wildlife Resources Conservation, China West Normal University ( contact person: Yi LUO, after morphological identification under voucher number NCPN202010. ![]() All protocols in the sample collection were reviewed and approved by the Research Ethics Committee of China West Normal University (Approval reference: CWNU2020D002). The specimens of Pheidole nodus workers were collected from a well-established colony in Nanchong City (30☄9′25.30ʺN, 106☃′49.87ʺE), China, in October 2020. Here, to better understand the phylogenetic relationship, we present the complete mitochondrial genome of Pheidole nodus as the first mitogenome of the genus Pheidole. Pheidole nodus is widely distributed in eastern Asia, often occurring from open lands to relatively developed forests, and nests in the soil. ![]() However, based on the complete mitochondrial genome, the Attini group is polyphyletic because Wasmannia was shown to be closely related to the Solenopsidini group with strong support (Park et al. ![]() Based on nuclear gene fragments, Pheidole is within the Attini group with Allomerus, Anisopheidole, Blepharidatta, Cephalotes, Diaphoromyrma, Lachnomyrmex, Lenomyrmex, Machomyrma, Ochetomyrmex, Procryptocerus, Tranopelta and Wasmannia, as well as all the fungus-growing ants (e.g. Despite being the largest of all genera of plants and animals (Wilson 2003), Pheidole currently lacks a completely sequenced mitochondrial genome. Pheidole, diet generalists of approximately 1200 known ant species (Bolton 2020), are found in most temperate and tropical biomes and on every continent except Antarctica and are particularly dominant in tropical habitats (Economo et al. ![]()
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